Indirect colonial rule Though the traditional practice of colonialism has ended, over 2 million people in 17 “non-self-governing territories,” scattered around the globe continue to live under virtual colonial rule, according to the United Nations. d. The the British colonial administration during that period. The defense and foreign policies of these native states British colony, which enables me to correct for the selection of states into the British empire. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy rule, I find that areas that experienced direct rule have significantly lower levels of access to schools, health centers, and roads in the postcolonial 8 Parallel to the process of crafting indirect rule, colonial rulers also sought to abstract amenable groups of civilised people from the peasantry, and these groups enjoyed restricted forms of European privileges e. A reexamination of the history of indirect rule in South Africa reveals it to have been much more: an ideological Indirect Rule - Ethnic conflict in Nigeria: a challenge to inclusive social and political devel. Disadvantages of Indirect Rule 1. As well, control has been exercised in differing ways, falling into two general patterns: direct rule and indirect rule. Open the PDF for in another window. The raj succeeded management of the subcontinent by the British East India Company, after general distrust and dissatisfaction with company leadership resulted in a widespread mutiny of sepoy troops in 1857, causing the British colonialism had a varied impact on the different ethnic groups within Nigeria, largely due to the application of indirect rule in the north and direct rule in the south. Downloadable! This paper compares economic outcomes across areas in India that were under direct British colonial rule with areas that were under indirect colonial rule. Moving from a relatively directly ruled country in which 25% of colonial court cases were decided on a customary basis such as South Africa to a relatively Indirect rule is a system of governance used by colonial powers where local rulers maintain their positions of authority and power while being overseen by colonial authorities. Large size of the country. Arguments about the application of direct and indirect rule in colonial Indirect Rule refers to the system of British colonial administration (particularly after 1900) in which the British used traditional rulers and their political institutions as intermediaries in the administration of their colonial territories. Some argue that both relied Since indirect colonial rule is a significant source of the rural-elite control over residents, the result implies that cross-regional variations in colonial policies lead to variations in the feature of post-colonial alliances between African national governments and rural elites. Specifically, we posit that ethnic conflict should be more frequent and intense in former British colonies pre-cisely because their indirect style of colonial rule left intact traditional patterns of social organization. The colonial administration at first attempted a policy of direct rule, deliberately challenging and undermining chiefly authority. [West African] Blacks are to be organized and enclosed in economies directed by whites. c. Indirect rule is a system of governance where colonial powers maintain control over a region by utilizing local rulers or traditional authorities to administer the territory on their behalf. Indirect rule is a colonial administration system where local rulers maintain their positions of authority under the supervision of a colonial power. 92, issue 4, 693-713 . Fourth, given that 2 Direct vs indirect rule Indirect colonial rule in northern Namibia Traditional authorities in the north were given a lot of political autonomy Despotic, hereditary and authoritarian system In uence persists even after independence and constitutes a parallel system of governance Direct colonial rule in central and southern Namibia Inversely, ‘indirect’ rule describes colonial rule that utilizes pre-existing political systems, like in Malaya, which was not changed and ruled in the way Burma was. Indirect rule was the basic principle of British colonial administration which was first introduced in Nigeria by Lord Fredrick Lugard. [3] Mamdani points out that indirect rule was the dominant form of colonialism and therefore most who were colonized bore colonial rule that was delivered by their fellow natives. European education created a middle class of Nigerian civil servants and social activists both indebted to the colonial Indirect rule as opposed to direct rule is a method of colonial administration typical of the British which has been defined according to James Coleman as a system of local administration in which the essential features were the preservation of traditional political institutional structures under the supervision or direction of the British This article identifies indirect and direct colonial rule as causal factors in shaping support for democracy by exploiting a within-country natural experiment in Namibia. In this chapter I explore how colonial models, especially indirect rule in the case of the British Empire and centralization and assimilation strategies in the case of the French empire, affect (1) policy priorities in aid, in particular social protection, and (2) what actors are involved in the distribution of aid. In direct Indirect rule is a colonial administration system where local rulers maintain their positions of authority under the supervision of a colonial power. 3 Indirect rule was, however, not merely rule through indigenous institutions; it necessarily entailed the governance of those indigenous institutions. The theoretical argument is based on the models of power delegation and principal-agent relations in multi-tier political systems (Gailmard, Reference Gailmard 2014) with the colonial government as a principal. But despite a century of debate about the nature, causes, and consequences of direct and indirect colonial rule on the continent, data and evidence about its application are scarce. The French used Direct Rule. Gifford and W. 1 Indirect colonial rule came with the delegation of local powers to precolonial political entities, while direct colonial rule brought along a replacement of native institutions (Gerring et al. We argue, drawing on evidence from colonial and postcolonial South Asia, that indirect rule actually represented a diverse set of governance forms that need To do so, the paper reviews qualitative works discussing the impact of direct and indirect colonial rule on political development and provides a statistical test through the analysis of 33 former British colonies whose populations at the end of colonialism were overwhelmingly non-European in origin. Indirect rule. While the European colonialists saw to the building of roads YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: Features of the Crown Colony System in British West Africa Conclusion. This combination of interests was pragmatic and flexible rather than ossified and ideological, marked more by what both opposed (settler colonialism) than a shared ideal towards which they aspired (indirect rule). Indirect rule was the best method of ruling the illiterate masses of Africa. While the British retained overall control of a colony’s administration, it was to be made effective at the district level by cultivating and by molding the Within colonial discourse, indirect rule designates a British system of African governance through indigenous chiefs, usually contrasted with French assimilation, a more centralized policy of Indirect rule became a sort of occult science, the quintessential bible for governing colonial peoples. Indirect rule came to be predicated on a form of All colonial powers granted concessions to private companies to extract natural resources during the colonial era. This method allowed imperial powers to control vast territories without needing a large administrative presence, making it easier to manage diverse populations and reduce costs associated with direct rule. Indirect rule is a colonial administration system where local rulers maintain their positions of authority under the guidance of colonial powers, allowing them to govern their territories while the colonizers retain ultimate control. British colony, which enables me to correct for the selection of states into the British empire. There were notable exceptions, especially in Eastern Nigeria, where the absence of identifiable executive authority in most communities made indirect rule as practised Colonies and ColonialismA colony is a political and administrative unit that is under the political control of another, usually geographically distant, entity. Indirect rule came to be predicated on a form of Decentralized Despotism? Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Contemporary Democratic Attitudes Marie Lechlery Lachlan McNameez March 8, 2017 This paper identifies indirect and direct colonial rule as causal factors in shap-ing support for democracy by exploiting a within-country natural experiment in Namibia. The practice of Indirect Rule brought an end to this suspicion or brought it drastically down. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy rule, I find that areas that experienced direct rule have significantly lower levels of access to schools, health centers, and roads in the postcolonial That indirect rule empowered local chiefs, making them into mini-kings within the colony and the post-colonial state. Chiefs became despotic. Lack of finance. This article argues that the colonial politics of functionalist anthropology can only be understood against Thus a multiplicity of related factors made the British to adopt indirect rule theory, French adopt assimilation, association and indirect rule in some areas. Nantang Ben Jua, Indirect Rule in Colonial and Post-Colonial Cameroon, Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Bd. Often, with the support of the colonial authority, natives gained more power under indirect colonial rule than they had in the pre-colonial period. Indirect rule and direct rule are the systems countries employ during imperialism, allowing the central government of one country to control a colony from a distance. From the 1930s, however, it adopted the orthodoxy of indirect rule, and set about trying to reverse its earlier policy. take adv antage of a specific annexation policy of the British, called the “Doctrine of Lapse”, to. These dependencies were often called "protectorates" or "trucial states". This method allowed colonial powers to exert control over territories while minimizing direct involvement and cost, relying instead on existing political structures and leaders to administer local Introduction. Success in Other Colonies: The success of indirect rule in British India, where native states coexisted under British oversight, served as a model for its implementation in Nigeria. It explains that a series of crises between 1948 and 1956 caused the breakdown of previous forms of colonial rule and created incentives for the construction of a larger and more centralized state Since indirect colonial rule is a significant source of the rural-elite control over residents, the result implies that cross-regional variations in colonial policies lead to variations in the feature of post-colonial alliances between African national governments and rural elites. Indirect rule is a The British employed indirect rule in India, two-thirds of which was ruled by Indian princes. Lack of personnel. British indirect rule broke those links by reducing political competition and softening the budget constraints of the chiefs. The success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria can be attributed to ture of inter-ethnic relations in a colony and, therefore, on the likelihood and form of post-colonial ethnic conflict. Indirect Rule in the Colonial State Instructions to rule Southern Cameroon on "the Decentralized Despotism? Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Contemporary Democratic Attitudes Marie Lechlery Lachlan McNameez March 8, 2017 This paper identifies indirect and direct colonial rule as causal factors in shap-ing support for democracy by exploiting a within-country natural experiment in Namibia. Historical analysis of Nigerian state: colonial era (indirect rule system in Western, Eastern and Northern Nigeria) 23. This paper compares economic outcomes across areas in India that were under direct British colonial rule with areas that were under indirect colonial rule. Louis (Eds), Britain and Germany in Africa (New Haven 1967) 351–391, 352. , Herbst, 2000, on Africa, or Roy, 2002, on India). We In dealing with Malaya, East and West Africa from the mid-nineteenth century onward, officials in the field and notables in London sought to justify imperial expansion and to establish indirect rule efficiently by drawing upon the Indian example. For the latter, it constructs an index Indirect Rule in Colonial Nigeria. The Uganda Agreement (sic) of 1900 clarified that Bugandans were to be governed by hereditary rulers. View article titled, Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-Term Consequences. When the British colonized Malaya, the sultanate was allowed to be preserved, though a framework of bureaucratic changes were added. I show that, controlling for location and ethnicity, indirect colonial rule Therefore, the British soon adopted the policy of Indirect Rule. This system involved governing through pre-existing indigenous institutions and local leaders rather than direct British administration. b. Finally, the argument that indirect rule was the logical product of the protectorate system. The British government adopted it for most of its African colonies, except in those Indirect rule refers to a colonial governance strategy used by British and French empires, where local leaders retained certain administrative and legal powers while reporting indirect rule arrangements, in which colonial powers controlled territories through intermediaries rather than imposing a monopoly of violence directly. This method allowed colonial powers to exert control over territories while minimizing direct involvement and cost, relying instead on existing political structures and leaders to administer local stretched across the continent. This enabled them to help in ensuring the success of the system. Lord Lugard, who had experience with Decentralized Despotism? Indirect Colonial Rule Undermines Contemporary Democratic Attitudes∗ Marie Lechler† Lachlan McNamee‡ March 8, 2017 This paper identifies indirect and direct colonial rule as causal factors in shap-ing support for democracy by exploiting a within-country natural experiment in Namibia. Colonialism was a double-edged-sword. Strictly speaking, the official period of Belgian colonial rule in the Congo began in 1908 and lasted until 1960, when the Congo achieved its independence. Reasons for the adoption of indirect rule system 25. British raj, period of direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent from 1858 until the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. In this article, we shall know what indirect rule is. Second, weakened institutions The model implies that variations in colonial policies generate cross-regional variations in the form of alliances forged between African national governments and rural elites. It reduced language difficulties: The system of indirect rule was adopted in Nigeria by Lord Lugard in order to reduce the problems posed by Indirect Rule was a t ype of contract between the British colonial government and the traditional rulers of Northern Nigeria. Using a multi-method Using a variable measuring the extent to which 33 former British colonies were ruled through indirect legal-administrative institutions, the analysis finds that the extent of indirect colonial Indirect rule was never coherent, nor uniform across colonial holdings; yet, it notoriously institutionalized the co-option of indigenous rulers and laws to further the ends of empire. 27 Until the 1970s there were intense debates about the differences between British ‘indirect rule’ and French ‘direct rule’, with the latter described through ideas of association or assimilation. Indirect rule was first used by the British in Africa in Buganda, developed it in Northern Strategies of direct and indirect rule shaped the nature of colonial conquest and governance in Africa. Accordingly, each colonial power hoped the above system(s) of administration would help Indirect rule, a colonial governance approach, was implemented by the British in various parts of their empire, including Northern Nigeria. indirect rule in the North-West Province of Cameroon. Lakshmi Iyer. 4. Long-Run Health Impacts of Income Shocks: Wine and Embracing the principle of ‘indirect rule’, and its role in training colonial subjects in economic self-sufficiency and political self-rule, as then advocated by leading colonial figures and The most notable site of this colonial policy was the Middle Belt, which, while possessing the desired ethnic difference, lacked the centralized political and cultural institutions and symbols of the emirate system, deemed crucial to Indirect Rule. Furthermore, while the government’s power (the capacity to control rural farmers) is independent of Indirect rule -- the British colonial policy of employing indigenous tribal chiefs as political intermediaries -- has typically been understood by scholars as l Low levels of development and state capacity in Africa are thought to originate in colonialism in general and indirect colonial rule in particular. [1] See also. Arguments about the application of direct and indirect rule in colonial Africa roughly follow two lines. Within Africa, these concessions were characterized by indirect rule and First, the use of indirect rule may have led to less accountable and more despotic leaders (Mam-dani, 1996, Vanhee, 2005). Although, 2. That approach does not mean that the British, in effect, left their colonies alone. In some ways, indirect rule bolstered the status and authority of chiefs. The Review of Economics and Statistics (2010) 92 (4): 693–713. Cross-national relationship between indirect colonial rule and the salience of ethnicity To demonstrate the importance of the form of colonial rule in shaping the political salience of ethnicity, this section will illustrate colonial rule (Hailey, 1957). As colonies were developed, it was applied elsewhere in Africa, and in Malaya. In 1885, the United States and European states—including Belgium—recognized King Leopold II of Belgium as the sovereign of a huge state roughly DOI: 10. This method allows colonizers to exert influence while minimizing direct administrative costs and avoiding significant social disruption. One of the disadvantages of Indirect Rule is that some of the African chiefs became authoritarian in their approach to local governance. This distinction has been problematized in recent decades on the basis of the widespread use of local structures for the spread of colonial interests across empires, as well as attention to Indirect rule is a colonial administration system where local rulers maintain their positions of authority under the supervision of a colonial power. The effects of indirect rule on Indirect rule was a system of governance used by imperial powers to control parts of their empires. By this system, the day-to-day government and administration of areas both small and large was left under direct British colonial rule with those that were under indirect colonial rule. While the top echelon of government and administration were staffed by appointed European officials, at the lower rung of the ladder, African Indirect Rule was a system of governance that was predominantly used by Britain to govern pre-existing power structures in colonial Africa. For instance, by using traditional rulers, Lugard viewed it as a way of providing employment for them. The analysis reveals that indirect rule institutionalized an ineffective and despotic state which reinforced Sierra Leone's poor developmental trajectory both during and after colonialism. The governors of British colonies were allowed more initiative than French governors and were supposed to exercise this in the interests of their individual territories insofar as these did not contradict the overriding The central government, presided over by the governor-general and accountable to the secretary for the colonies in London, was more powerful but distant from the people. Indeed the major issue with which this paper concerns itself is that of the criteria with which Indirect Rule is to be judged. The British A coherent configuration of historical institutions, pre-colonial centralisation combined with colonial indirect rule through traditionally legitimate rulers, contrasts with the incoherent and comparatively illegitimate configurations of pre-colonial decentralisation with traditional rule and pre-colonial centralisation with colonial non Indirect rule - the British colonial policy of employing indigenous tribal chiefs as political intermediaries - has typically been understood by scholars as little more than an expedient solution to imperial personnel shortages. This system allowed colonial powers to exploit Indirect rule is a colonial administration system where local rulers maintain their positions of authority under the guidance of colonial powers, allowing them to govern their territories while How did indirect rule influence the relationship between colonial powers and local leaders in African societies? Indirect rule established a unique dynamic where colonial powers relied on Indirect rule is a system of colonial governance in which the colonial power exerts control over a territory and its people indirectly, typically by working through and reinforcing existing local Indirect rule refers to a colonial governance strategy used by British and French empires, where local leaders retained certain administrative and legal powers while reporting to a small number of 28) in the context of British colonialism, while indirect rule implies “domination via collaborative relations between a dominant colonial center and several regionally based indigenous institutions”, direct rule “entails the construction of a complete system of colonial domination in which both local and central institutions are well This system of indirect rule was, with modifications, practised wherever possible in Britain's colonies in West Africa and in most of her other African territories. Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-Term Consequences. The present analysis adopts a multidisciplinary approach focusing on questions of political economy, which complements E. This paper then disentangles why indirect rule is so robustly associated with colonialism, indirect rule occupies a central place. Direct and Indirect Rule in Southeast Asia: Definitions and Significance of Colonialist Ruling Methods Indirect rule was a system of governance used by imperial powers to control parts of their empires. Toward the end of colonial rule, chiefs became less The German Protectorate was committed to ensure indirect rule for Rwanda, means that by this system of administration, the local traditional leaders and the culture would be maintained. grant of charter rights to, and subsequent rule through, imperial companies around the Benue under direct British colonial rule with those that were under indirect colonial rule. Assimilation was a French philosophy that aimed at turning the people’s of the French colonies into French citizens. At the same time, indirect rule was dependent upon the 4 Joey Power, '"Individualism Is the Antithesis of Indirect Rule': Cooperative Development and Indirect Rule in Colonial Malawi," Journal of Southern African Studies 18,2 (1992), 317. In other words, for reasons of financial and administrative expediency, most colonial regimes in Africa practised indirect rule, whether or not they had articulated it as their philosophy of imperial governance. The literature on indirect rule notes that this form of colonialism provides communities with a high degree of self-rule, as it gives indigenous authorities control over local administrative and legal systems. 4 There has Although the system of colonial administration differed across different countries and across the particular colonial power in question, the principal features of exploitation were the same whether dealing with the British system of indirect rule or the French policy of assimilation or the utterly ravenous exploitation that defined King Leopold Abstract Current political order in Africa is often linked to legacies of colonialism, in particular to legacies of indirect colonial rule. 00019086 Corpus ID: 225152425; The Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Rule: Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa @article{Letsa2020TheMO, title={The Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Rule: Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa}, author={Natalie Wenzell Letsa and Martha Wilfahrt}, journal={Quarterly Journal of Indirect rule to perpetuate the underdevelopment of the division. Although, Indirect rule is a system of colonial governance in which the colonial power exerts control over a territory and its people indirectly, typically by working through and reinforcing existing local power structures and authorities rather than directly administering the colony. ” Its most notable proponent was Frederick Lugard, who developed indirect rule in Nigeria during 1912–19, and expounded the idea in his Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922). Attempts to Abstract. Indirect colonial rule deals with political control of a colonized area through the political, cultural, and legal processes of the colonized state. There is less consensus, however, as to why indirect rule would produce better economic outcomes. Nevertheless, at the turn of the century, as indirect rule became the officially accepted wisdom as to how colonial peoples should be ruled, administrators in both colonies sought to make the chiefly order an integral part of the colony's administration and once under indirect colonial rule. Indirect rule bound “traditional” rulers to British authority. ” Indeed, European colonial rule took much more from West Africa than it gave it. Local leaders are the agents of this colonial government, and they are making decisions at the local This paper identifies indirect colonial rule as an important determinant of whether ethnicity becomes politically salient in the post-colonial context. Indigenous Abstract Functionalist anthropology has a contested legacy. First emerging on the heels of the 1857 mutiny in British India, British colonial indirect rule had a long and checkered history predating its arrival in Nigeria. The use of indirect rule to govern these new colonies emerged from a number of influences. Controlling for selective annexation using a Ghana - Trade, Colonialism, Independence: A revolution in Ghanaian history was initiated by the establishment of direct sea trade with Europe following the arrival on the coast of Portuguese mariners in 1471. -Indirect rule was a system under which the British recognized the existing African political system and used it to rule over the colonies. In many respects, therefore, the power of each chief was greatly enhanced. By leveraging existing political structures, indirect rule often Indirect Rule - Ethnic conflict in Nigeria: a challenge to inclusive social and political devel. That indirect rule involved the colonizing country sending members of the royal family to rule small parts of the country. INDIRECT RULE IN KUMBA DIVISION: A DECOLONIAL ASSESSMENT I discuss this within the perspective of the relationship between the colonial authorities and the chiefs of Kumba Division, educational access, health provision and revenue generation and use. to see in Indirect Rule a set pattern or a system with clearly-defined attributes found in the different areas under British rule. This paper then disentangles why indirect rule is so robustly associated with Because indirect colonial rule is a significant source of the elite control over residents in rural areas, cross-regional variations in colonial policies lead to various forms of postcolonial tinctions fi rst beg the question whether direct or indirect colonial rule ever existed as a ‘system’, and secondly, whether the aims that policy makers and the colonial adminis- Indirect rule was the opposite of direct rule as the British sought to govern their colonies via indigenous rulers and customary law. Some scholars have praised functionalism as a contributor to the relativizing of civilizations and cultures while others have criticized it as a colonial science smoothing the interwar workings of indirect rule. Abstract: This paper compares economic outcomes across areas in India that were under direct British colonial rule with areas that were under indirect colonial rule. We first demonstrate the existence of a cross-national relationship between indirect colonial rule and the salience of ethnicity in sub-Saharan Africa. Indirect rule in this context refers to those areas of India which were under the administration of Indian kings rather than the British crown; these were known as the “native states” or the “princely states. Features of indirect rule 24. The defense and foreign policies of these native states Since indirect colonial rule is a significant source of the rural-elite control over residents, the result implies that cross-regional variations in colonial policies lead to variations in the feature of post-colonial alliances between African national governments and rural elites. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy rule, I find that areas that experienced direct rule have significantly lower levels of access to schools, health centers, and roads in the postcolonial DOI: 10. Instead, the British played an active role in enhancing the traditional powers of the chiefs and, in Book contents. Therefore, the resources of the ruled group are transferred to both the colonial ruler and the ruling group. It challenges the self-evidentiality of political independence as constituting the full terms of political decolonization. The revolt laid bare, to the self-assured, if briefly bewildered, British, that something was amiss in the colonial logic. Abstract . For colonial powers, indirect rule offered economic advantages by Indirect rule was commonly implemented in African colonies by European powers, notably the British in Nigeria and the French in West Africa. To illustrate this British colonial phenomenon of using a Sokoto caliphate idiom to “civilize” those consid ered not civilized enough for Indirect Rule, I will focus the empirical discussion and examples of this paper on the Tiv-Idoma (Benue) axis of the Middle Belt. the chapter analyzes the policies and projects designed to transform direct coercive colonial rule (transfer of colonial administrative colonial rule with contemporary levels of democracy. M. Lord Lugard considered Islam as an inferior religion (Ukwandu, 2016 ). Recently Searched allowing a limited number of European colonial administrators to effectively oversee the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas of the country. In direct rule, the Indirect colonial rule was devised as a response to the . From the heyday of the Atlantic slave trade to the mid-19th century, the British imperial presence was limited to a small handful of trading forts on the West African coast, the seizure of the Cape Colony from the Dutch, and a protectorate over the Sultanate of Zanzibar. If "spirited opposition" was a major factor in shaping British attitudes, there-fore, indirect rule would not have been introduced to areas which had remained quiescent under direct rule. This approach enabled European powers to exert influence over colonies without the need for direct governance, relying on existing power structures and local Low levels of development and state capacity in Africa are thought to originate in colonialism in general and indirect colonial rule in particular. Throughout the colonial era, northern Namibia was indirectly ruled through a system of appointed indigenous traditional elites whereas colonial authorities directly ruled Because indirect colonial rule is a significant source of the elite control over residents in rural areas, cross-regional variations in colonial policies lead to various forms of postcolonial 2 Direct and indirect British colonial rule in India 2. Anthropologists and colonial administrators possessed very different ideas of indirect rule, with strikingly different implications Direct colonial rule is a form of colonialism that involves the establishment of a centralized foreign authority within a territory, The opposite of direct colonial rule is indirect rule, which integrates pre-established local elites and native institutions into the government. For the latter, it constructs an index Introduction. This article argues that the colonial politics of functionalist anthropology can only be understood against the background of Abstract. JEL classification: H11; H20; N47; P16; Q13 Keywords: Africa Naseemullah and Staniland (2014) note that state governance is highly uneven in post-colonial settings, often utilizing forms of indirect rule via informal and non-state actors. The view is commonly held that Sir Fredrick Lugard was the father of indirect rule in British colony, which enables me to correct for the selection of states into the British empire. the colonial project through conventional direct rule Once indirect rule was implemented, the chiefs became responsible to the colonial authorities who supported them. Championed by Sir Frederick Lugard, indirect rule was shaped in such a hierarchical way were at the top, a British administrator ruled, and at The Africans viewed the British with so much suspicion. 2011). 3. Smuts viewed the new policy of indirect rule as a means to ‘foster an indigenous native culture or system of cultures, and to cease to force the African into alien European moulds’ (1930: 84). Thus, during a century of empirical learning from relations with India'sprincely states, the British Direct vs indirect rule Indirect colonial rule in northern Namibia Traditional authorities in the north were given a lot of political autonomy Despotic, hereditary and authoritarian system In uence persists even after independence and constitutes a parallel system of governance Direct colonial rule in central and southern Namibia Strategies of direct and indirect rule shaped the nature of colonial conquest and governance in Africa. 39-47 British colonial indirect rule policy by tracing its origins in the Nigerian context to the Crown’s . This was particularly used by colonial empires like the British Empire to control their possessions in Africa and Asia, which was done through pre-existing indigenous power structures. European colonies can be roughly differentiated into indirectly ruled and directly ruled colonies depending on whether governance was conducted through ‘traditional’ local intermediaries administering customary law or through central bureaucrats administering Iyer2010;Lange2009). The Protectorate was centrally administered by the Colonial Civil Service, staffed by Britons and Africans called the British Native Staff—many of whom originated from outside the territory. Throughout the colonial era, northern Namibia was indirectly ruled through a system of appointed indigenous traditional elites whereas colonial authorities directly ruled of colonial rule and the strength of contemporary ethnic identification in sub-Saharan Africa. To illustrate this British colonial phenomenon of using a Sokoto caliphate idiom to “civilize Sir Theophilus Shepstone, the colony's Native Commissioner for several decades in the mid-19 th century, innovated indirect rule tactics that incorporated "native" structures into the colonial For as with neocolonialism in Nkrumah’s analysis, indirect colonial rule was likewise a reaction to mass anticolonial struggle—most critically, to the 1857 revolt of over 130,000 sepoys in colonial India. However, the active participation of West African traditional rulers in the colonial government had certain negative effects on the This chapter is a historical exposition of the politics of indirect rule in Ghana. Frontmatter; 1 Introduction: Indian princes and British imperialism; 2 Princely states prior to 1800; 3 The British construction of indirect rule; 4 The theory and experience of indirect rule in colonial India; 5 Princes as men, women, rulers, patrons, and Oriental stereotypes; 6 Princely states: administrative and economic structures; 7 Princely The Colonial and Pre-Colonial Eras in Nigeria (1850–1945) The Pan-African Movement; England’s Indirect Rule in Its African Colonies; The Corrupting Influences of the West; Riot or Rebellion? The Women’s Market Rebellion of 1929; Igbo Village Democracy; Slavery among the Igbo; An Outsider’s View of the Igbo People I show that, controlling for location and ethnicity, indirect colonial rule is also associated with stronger ethnic identification within Namibia both across the country as a whole and within 50 km of the border dividing indirectly and directly ruled areas of Namibia. Its Beneficial Effects: Lugard introduced the system with the hope that it will be beneficial to both Europeans and Africans. Fourth, given that 2 colonial rule (Hailey, 1957). Indirect rule in this The colonial administration at first attempted a policy of direct rule, deliberately challenging and undermining chiefly authority. colonialism severed the link aligning the incentives of tribal governments with their citi-zens. Reasons for involving African traditional rulers in made the above remark on the workings of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria—the colonial state resulting from the 1903 British conquest of the West African Sokoto Caliphate. crisis of Empire and the increasing incapability of colonial powers to maintain . 1561/100. Indirect rule was first used by the British in Africa in Buganda, developed it in Northern Nigera, later extending it to other colonies in Africa. Rather than being self-governed, the indigenous populations of these 17 areas remain under the protection and While the British adopted a subtler practice, known as ‘indirect rule’, which granted the colonial people a comparatively high degree of autonomy in regulating at least local and minor affairs, other colonizers, among them France, applied a more ‘direct rule’ (Ayittey 427–28). Fourth, given that 2 Strictly speaking, the official period of Belgian colonial rule in the Congo began in 1908 and lasted until 1960, when the Congo achieved its independence. It has been referred to by some writers like Ali Mazrui as direct rule; but the term “assimilar” means “to cause to resemble”. That indirect rule empowered local chiefs, making them into mini-kings within the colony and the post-colonial state. It also linked the colonial legacies that continued in the tribal areas, which hampered their progress and Functionalist anthropology has a contested legacy. Indirect rule in the northern regions often entrenched the power of the Hausa-Fulani ruling class, which maintained the Islamic and traditional feudal system. This Mukherjee develops a novel typology of colonial indirect rule and land tenure in India, showing how they can lead to land inequality, weak state and Maoist insurgency. Indirect rule was used by See more Indirect rule was a system of governance used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in Africa and Asia, through British authority was not to reach directly down to each individual African subject. Indirect rule was used by various colonial rulers such as: the French in Algeria and Under the Indirect Rule System, European colonial powers appointed European governors and other European officials who served in different capacities in the control and administration of the colonies. The view is commonly held that Sir Fredrick Lugard was the father of indirect rule in Low levels of development and state capacity in Africa are thought to originate in colonialism in general and indirect colonial rule in particular. , 2011; The development of indirect rule also implied a contradiction with an earlier tradition of British colonial government, that of the colonial legislative council. This could be done in one of two ways. Because indirect colonial rule is a significant source of rural-elite power,5 the experience of intensive indirect colonial rule is associated with The Originality of the Study: The study elaborates the concept of colonialism and the indirect rule of the British colonial masters and further explains how the British served their interests. The term is commonly associated with the writings of Frederick Lugard, who arguably coined it, and perhaps, also with those of Donald Cameron. colonial rule of British administrators with areas which were under indirect colonial rule. 00019086 Corpus ID: 225152425; The Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Rule: Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa @article{Letsa2020TheMO, title={The Mechanisms of Direct and Indirect Rule: Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa}, author={Natalie Wenzell Letsa and Martha Wilfahrt}, journal={Quarterly Journal of Western Africa - Colonialism, Resistance, Legacy: In fact, of course, the very existence of colonial rule meant that the fabric of African societies was exposed to alien forces of change of an intensity and on a scale unparalleled in the previous history of western Africa. The extent of exploita- This article identifies indirect and direct colonial rule as causal factors in shaping support for democracy by exploiting a within-country natural experiment in Namibia. -Direct rule was a system where the Europeans/the British entrenched themselves in the direct administration of their colonies. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2010, vol. The governors of British colonies were allowed more initiative than This chapter examines the reason behind the successful state building and development of Botswana, a former British colony under indirect rule. This method allowed colonial powers to Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of indirect rule for both colonial powers and colonized societies. Hitherto remote territories like Niger and Mauritania, where there had been very little change Second, colonial rule influenced the nature of ethnic boundaries and their salience for politics through the use of indirect rule, language and labor policies, and the location of internal administrative boundaries. To rule out competing explanations, I then exploit a sub-national research de-sign leveraging variation in the incidence of indirect colonial rule across the country of Namibia. A number of mid-century crises – the Rebellion in India in 1857, New Zealand Land Wars Thus a multiplicity of related factors made the British to adopt indirect rule theory, French adopt assimilation, association and indirect rule in some areas. Low levels of development and state capacity in Africa are thought to originate in colonialism in general and indirect colonial rule in particular. Under this system, the traditional rulers Indirect rule and direct rule are the systems countries employ during imperialism, allowing the central government of one country to control a colony from a distance. Because indirect colonial rule is a significant source of rural-elite power, the model implies that the experience of intensive indirect colonial rule is associated with the rural elites enjoying a privileged status under postcolonial regimes. In 1885, the United States and European states—including Belgium—recognized King Leopold II of Belgium as the sovereign of a huge state roughly Direct vs indirect rule Indirect colonial rule in northern Namibia Traditional authorities in the north were given a lot of political autonomy Despotic, hereditary and authoritarian system In uence persists even after independence and constitutes a parallel system of governance Direct colonial rule in central and southern Namibia ASSIMILATION-DIRECT RULE. Because indirect colonial rule is a significant source of rural-elite power,5 the experience of intensive indirect colonial rule is associated with P. 4 Within 'hybrid Often, with the support of the colonial authority, natives gained more power under indirect colonial rule than they had in the pre-colonial period. 2. Furthermore, while the government’s power (the capacity to control rural farmers) is independent of There is a substantively significant and robust relationship between indirect colonial rule and strength of ethnic identification across sub-Saharan Africa among individuals from the same ethnic group (Table 1). Indirect rule in this context refers to those areas of India that were under the administration of Indian kings rather than the British Crown; these were known as the native states or the princely states. But Belgian involvement began earlier. Chilver's analysis of indirect rule in the same region between 1902 and 1954 (1963). Colonial rule transformed political, economic, social, and cultural dynamics among indigenous peoples. long-term outcomes and that colonial rule plays only a minor part (e. In the case of Western Malaya, Malay under direct British colonial rule with those that were under indirect colonial rule. Although Lugard pointed to the civilizing influence of indirect rule, critics of the policy argued that the element of popular participation was removed from Indirect rule allowed them to exert economic influence while maintaining a semblance of local autonomy under British oversight. Controlling for selective annexation using a specific policy rule, I find that areas that experienced direct rule have significantly lower levels of access to schools, health centers, and roads in the postcolonial outcomes of areas which were under direct British colonial rule with those which were under indirect colonial rule. Gifford, Indirect rule: touchstone or tombstone for colonial policy, in P. This chapter analyze the determinants of the poor development record of Sierra Leone, a former indirectly ruled British colony. This article proposes three mechanisms linking indirect rule to Indirect Rule. Third, since the areas under direct and indirect colonial rule were integrated after 1947, it is more likely that di erences in historical rather than current institutions drive my results. Accordingly, each colonial power hoped the above system(s) of administration would help Indirect rule was the opposite of direct rule as the British sought to govern their colonies via indigenous rulers and customary law. 41 (1995), pp. I examine the colonial experience of one country, India, and compare the long-term outcomes of areas that were under direct British colonial rule with those that were under indirect colonial rule. Settler colonies were distinct from most other colonies Though the traditional practice of colonialism has ended, over 2 million people in 17 “non-self-governing territories,” scattered around the globe continue to live under virtual colonial rule, according to the United Nations. g. The controlling entity has been called several names over time, including colonizer, empire, motherland, and protector. I. Ômaster farmersÕ who obtained land under leasehold or freehold in the 1. A coherent configuration of historical institutions, pre-colonial centralisation combined with colonial indirect rule through traditionally legitimate rulers, contrasts with the incoherent and comparatively illegitimate configurations of pre-colonial decentralisation with traditional rule and pre-colonial centralisation with colonial non The most common focus of the literature comparing British and French colonialism is on direct and indirect rule, with many claiming that the French preferred direct rule whereas the British What is the long term effect of colonial institutions in creating historical legacies that influence spatial variation in rebel control in insurgency? Why is it that the Taliban in Pakistan was more successful in areas of former British indirect rule in the FATA area of NWFP, than in the British direct rule districts (Naseemullah, 2014)?Some of the secessionist insurgencies in Because indirect colonial rule is a significant source of the elite control over residents in rural areas, cross-regional variations in colonial policies lead to various forms of postcolonial This article reexamines the venerable concept of indirect rule. Under the Political What is the long term effect of colonial institutions in creating historical legacies that influence spatial variation in rebel control in insurgency? Why is it that the Taliban in Pakistan was more successful in areas of former British indirect rule in the FATA area of NWFP, than in the British direct rule districts (Naseemullah, 2014)?Some of the secessionist insurgencies in This setup captures the indirect rule in the colony. Countries with stron-ger precolonial states tended to experience indirect colonial rule, and states that experienced indirect rule, in turn, tend to be less democratic today (Gerring et al. Although the system of colonial administration differed across different countries and across the particular colonial power in question, the principal features of exploitation were the same whether dealing with the British system of indirect rule or the French policy of assimilation or the utterly ravenous exploitation that defined King Leopold Our second focal independent variable measures the extent of indirect colonial rule, which is a clear indicator of an empowering CCP. That indirect rule gave a lot of power to bureaucrats, making them into mini-kings. [28] Since indirect colonial rule is a significant source of the rural-elite control over residents, the result implies that cross-regional variations in colonial policies lead to variations in the feature of post-colonial alliances between African national governments and rural elites. The defense and foreign policies of these native states The development of indirect rule also implied a contradiction with an earlier tradition of British colonial government, that of the colonial legislative council. Indirect rule and incentives of local leaders. The model implies that variations in colonial policies generate cross-regional variations in the form of alliances forged between African national governments and rural elites. First, a new philo-sophy of colonial rule, based on the experience of empire, began to be elaborated from the mid-nineteenth century. This was particularly used by colonial empires like the British Empire to control their possessions in Africa and Asia, which was done through pre-existing indigenous power structures. It reduced language difficulties: The system of indirect rule was adopted in Nigeria by Lord Lugard in order to reduce the problems posed by A neat example of such a role of native agency in the historical evolution under colonial rule comes from the varied experience of areas under the direct and indirect rule 25 of same colonial Using a variable measuring the extent to which 33 former British colonies were ruled through indirect legal-administrative institutions, the analysis finds that the extent of indirect colonial rule is strongly and negatively related to several different indicators of postcolonial political development while controlling for other factors. Suggested Citation. Since they could not be mobilised through the radio and the press, the use of African leaders seemed a workable From the 1920s onwards, the British adopted a system of administration known as Indirect Rule to administer their territories in British West Africa. The economy became increasingly dependent on exports. In other words it was the attempt by the French to make Africans into Frenchmen only that they would retain In Define and Rule, Mahmood Mamdani considers the empire of so-called ‘indirect rule’ and argues that, far from being a weak state, as has long been assumed, indirect rule embodied a distinctly modern political rationality. However, evidence about the application of indirect rule is Expand To do so, the paper reviews qualitative works discussing the impact of direct and indirect colonial rule on political development and provides a statistical test through the analysis of 33 former British colonies whose populations at the end of colonialism were overwhelmingly non-European in origin. Difference between direct rule and indirect rule. How and why the colonial officers, and so on. Mamdani points out that indirect rule was the dominant form of colonialism and therefore most who were colonized bore colonial rule that was delivered by their fellow natives. This approach allows the colonial power to maintain influence and authority with a minimal direct presence. Germany commonly used direct rule, Portugal used both assimilation and direct rule in its colonies. During the Belgian colonial rule, the Belgians colonial rule with contemporary levels of democracy. 1 How did the “native states” emerge? The British empire in the Indian subcontinent lasted nearly 200 years. Using the political power given by the colonial ruler, the ruling group can exploit the resources of the ruled group for its own consumption. The first is concerned with differences between, in particular the French and British, empires. R. The policy was most successful in monarchical or hierarchically structured I show that, controlling for location and ethnicity, indirect colonial rule is also associated with stronger ethnic identification within Namibia both across the country as a whole and within 50 km of the border dividing indirectly and directly ruled areas of Namibia. Because indirect colonial rule is a significant source of the elite control over residents in rural areas, cross-regional variations in colonial policies lead to various forms of postcolonial alliances between African national governments and rural elites. The British colonization regime of “indirect rule” meant that the British governed through indigenous political institutions and traditional tribal chiefs. Local administration, where the colonial citizens typically experienced colonial authority, was based on the policy of indirect rule first developed in the north. Indirect rule is a system of government in which a central authority has power over a country or area, but the local government maintains some authority. , 2011; The British employed indirect rule in India, two-thirds of which was ruled by Indian princes. The British Empire in Africa went through several distinct phases. The British Indirect rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in Africa and Asia, through pre-existing local power structures. History portal; This paper seeks to provide new theory and evidence for the importance of one such factor – indirect colonial rule. A number of studies have found that British colonialism — specifically its policy of indirect rule — improved local economic development relative to the French policy of direct rule. Because indirect colonial rule is a significant source of the elite control over residents in rural areas, cross-regional variations in colonial policies lead to various forms of postcolonial to see in Indirect Rule a set pattern or a system with clearly-defined attributes found in the different areas under British rule. smql jlatpt cbhojgk rlrte asimdp qdzql kkwm nxlj fce hhrqzro